Performance Gaps Between Theoretical and Practical Accounting Learning

Abstract

Accounting education faces a persistent gap between theoretical classroom knowledge and practical real-world application. While accounting curricula emphasize conceptual frameworks, journal entries, and regulatory compliance, employers increasingly expect graduates to demonstrate software proficiency, analytical judgment, digital audit capability, communication skills, and ethical decision-making. This paper examines the nature, causes, and consequences of performance gaps between theoretical and practical learning in accounting degrees. Through literature synthesis and curriculum analysis, the study identifies structural barriers including outdated syllabi, limited exposure to real business datasets, insufficient internship integration, and lack of training on ERP, analytics, and audit technologies. A competency-aligned framework is proposed to bridge the gap by integrating experiential learning, industry collaboration, digital tools, and outcome-focused teaching. Findings suggest that a blended model combining theoretical rigor with applied practice improves employability, competency, and professional readiness.